Monday, December 30, 2019

Shaolin Monks Fight Japanese Pirates

Ordinarily, the life of a Buddhist monk involves meditation, contemplation, and simplicity. In mid-16th century China, however, the monks of Shaolin Temple were called upon to battle Japanese pirates who had been raiding the Chinese coastline for decades. How did the Shaolin monks end up acting as a paramilitary or police force? The Shaolin Monks By 1550, the Shaolin Temple had been in existence for approximately 1,000 years. The resident monks were famous throughout Ming China for their specialized and highly effective form of kung fu (gong fu). Thus, when ordinary Chinese imperial army and navy troops proved unable to stamp out the pirate menace, Nanjings Vice-Commissioner-in-Chief, Wan Biao, decided to deploy monastic fighters. He called upon the warrior-monks of three temples: Wutaishan in Shanxi Province, Funiu in Henan Province, and Shaolin. According to contemporary chronicler Zheng Ruoceng, some of the other monks challenged the leader of the Shaolin contingent, Tianyuan, who sought the leadership of the entire monastic force. In a scene reminiscent of countless Hong Kong films, the eighteen challengers chose eight from among themselves to attack Tianyuan. First, the eight men came at the Shaolin monk with bare hands, but he fended them all off. They then grabbed swords; Tianyuan responded by seizing the long iron bar that was used to lock the gate. Wielding the bar as a staff, he defeated all eight of the other monks simultaneously. They were forced to bow to Tianyuan, and acknowledge him as the proper leader of the monastic forces. With the question of leadership settled, the monks could turn their attention to their real adversary: the so-called Japanese pirates. The Japanese Pirates The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were tumultuous times in Japan. This was the Sengoku Period, a century and a half of warfare among competing daimyo when no central authority existed in the country. Such unsettled conditions made it hard for ordinary folks to make an honest living... but easy for them to turn to piracy. Ming China had problems of its own. Although the dynasty would hang on to power until 1644, by the mid-1500s it was beset by nomadic raiders from the north and west, as well as rampant brigandage along the coast. Here, too, piracy was an easy and relatively safe way to make a living. Thus, the so-called Japanese pirates, wako or woku, were actually a confederation of Japanese, Chinese, and even some Portuguese citizens who banded together. (The pejorative term wako literally means dwarf pirates.) The pirates raided for silks and metal goods, which could be sold in Japan for up to ten times their value in China. Scholars debate the precise ethnic makeup of the pirate crews, with some maintaining that no more than 10% were actually Japanese. Others point to the long list of clearly Japanese names among the pirate rolls. In any case, these motley international crews of seagoing peasants, fishermen, and adventurers wreaked havoc up and down the Chinese coast for more than 100 years. Calling Out the Monks Desperate to regain control of the lawless coast, Nanjing official Wan Biao mobilized the monks of Shaolin, Funiu, and Wutaishan. The monks fought the pirates in at least four battles. The first took place in the spring of 1553 on Mount Zhe, which overlooks the entrance to Hangzhou City via the Qiantang River. Although details are scarce, Zheng Ruoceng notes that this was a victory for the monastic forces. The second battle was the monks greatest victory: the Battle of Wengjiagang, which was fought in the Huangpu River Delta in July of 1553. On July 21, 120 monks met an approximately equal number of pirates in battle. The monks were victorious, and chased the remnants of the pirate band south for ten days, killing every last pirate. Monastic forces suffered only four casualties in the fighting. During the battle and mop-up operation, the Shaolin monks were noted for their ruthlessness. One monk used an iron staff to kill the wife of one of the pirates as she tried to escape the slaughter. Several dozen monks took part in two more battles in the Huangpu delta that year. The fourth battle was a grievous defeat, due to incompetent strategic planning by the army general in charge. After that fiasco, the monks of Shaolin Temple and the other monasteries seem to have lost interest in serving as paramilitary forces for the Emperor. Warrior-Monks: An Oxymoron? Although it seems quite odd that Buddhist monks from Shaolin and other temples would not only practice martial arts but actually march into battle and kill people, perhaps they felt the need to maintain their fierce reputation. After all, Shaolin was a very wealthy place. In the lawless atmosphere of late Ming China, it must have been very useful for the monks to be renowned as a deadly fighting force. Sources John Whitney Hall, The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 4, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Meir Shahar, Ming-Period Evidence of Shaolin Martial Practice, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 61:2 (Dec. 2001). Meir Shahar, The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts, (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2008).

Sunday, December 22, 2019

A Progressive Society In William Faulkners A Rose For Emily

Society changing and progressing around us forces us to adapt, we cannot resist growth in a progressive society. Change in society spurs change in us and how we see the world. William Faulkner, the author of the short story based on a woman dealing with loss and transition in the post civil war south, â€Å"A Rose For Emily†, elaborates on the idea of how impossible it is to stay constant and prevent change in a progressive society. In the time period of the book the whole United States is working through a giant change after the abolishment of slavery, although some citizens did not know how to address that change and wanted to refuse it. In the narrative, through themes and motifs, William Faulkner claimed that, while in a progressive society†¦show more content†¦At one point in the short story, it is said that there is a wretched scent coming from Miss Emily’s house and, instead of finding out why, the Old generation simply covers it up by sprinkling lime ar ound her home to cover up the scent. With all that the Old generation did for her, it is evident that, to them, Miss Emily was some sort of prized possession, one that was not to be touched. However, as time went on, the Old generation moved on and the New generation came into play. Those of the New generation called a meeting to speak with Emily about the taxes that she had not paid in many years, with the intention of getting her to pay them again, just as every other person in the town did. As this was brought up to her, Miss Emily quickly became offended and defensive, ultimately telling the city authorities to â€Å"See Colonel Sartoris,† who had passed away many years ago, because she refused to believe that she had to pay taxes in her city, because the Old generation had convinced her that she would never have to. The more that the New generation and the society around her developed, the more Emily fell behind and struggled to keep up with the changes that were being m ade around her. This resulted in Miss Emily hiding herself away in her house for many years, as an attempt at escaping the changes being made to the society that she once knew so well. At someShow MoreRelatedThe Past Is Never Dead By William Faulkner1755 Words   |  8 PagesHuman society in today’s world is certainly a never stop moving type stigma where everyone is always on a mission of sorts. In fact, we are viewed as lazy if we stop to truly dwell on the past. It’s all about moving forward into the future: the concept of bigger, better, faster, stronger. Some people view time in a different matter though. William Faulkner once wrote â€Å"the past is never dead. It’s not even past.† In his short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, Faulkner displays this notion through Emily Grierson

Saturday, December 14, 2019

How Are Civil Liberties Better Protected Since 1997 Free Essays

To what extent have civil liberties become better protected since 1997 In comparison to countries such as France and the USA, the UK’s commitment to civil liberties was weak. During the US declaration of civil Independence the US made amendments to its constitution,; their bill of rights became largely made up of civil liberties, including the right to freedom of religion, speech etc. And the French Revolution led to the establishment of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789). We will write a custom essay sample on How Are Civil Liberties Better Protected Since 1997 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whereas, the UK has traditionally been reluctant to give basic rights and freedoms explicit legal expression. Instead, it relied on the freedoms that were supposed to be embodied in the common Law belief that ‘everything is permitted that is not prohibited’. However, in recent years, the protection of civil liberties has increasingly fallen to the courts, due to the wider use of the power of judicial review and the introduction of the Human Rights Act. One of the roles of Judiciary is to ‘Defend Civil liberties’ though Judicial review, As one of the Human rights Act is Habeus corpus- the right to a fair trial. Judges can overrule government if they are going beyond Ulta-Vires, judges can decide that other political actors are acting beyond their proper power, in recent years, judges have been increasingly willing to use this power, particularly in relation to ministers, for example if police arrest you without given reason of arrest, they are acting beyond ultra-vires, because you have a right to be given a reason for arrest and can therefore take them to court. However, judges cannot overturn acts of Parliament because of Parliamentary sovereignty unlike in the USA, judges have very far-reaching powers of judicial review because of the existence of a codified constitution. If a law passed by congress goes against the constitution or the bill of rights – the Supreme Court can overrule that law. The Human Rights Act is a UK law passed in 1998. It means that you can defend your rights in the UK courts and that public organisations (including the Government, the Police and local councils) must treat everyone equally, with fairness, dignity and respect. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Andrew Heywood – Essentials Of Politics- ’Protecting civil Liberties’ Pp. 287 How to cite How Are Civil Liberties Better Protected Since 1997, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Market Power of Super Market Industry

Question: Discuss about the Market Power of Super Market Industry. Answer: Introduction: Supermarkets are the large stores where wide varieties of products are sold under one roof. The wide variety of products includes fresh vegetables, fruits, meats, dairy products and other daily household goods. The present day super-markets are featured with self-service system where customers choose and pick their desired products from the shelves and take them to the billing counter to purchase it (James, 2016). Clarence-Saunders introduced the self-service system within the super-market named Piggly-Wiggly in the year 1916. The supermarkets occupy a large area of floor space and reduce the time required by a consumer in shopping. This report has been presented to talk about the supermarkets existing within Australia. In Australia, numerous supermarkets capture almost the entire consumers demand. Out of them, the top-notch supermarkets namely, Coles, Woolworths, Tesco and Aldi captures almost 80% of the total quantity of goods demanded in the market. High-level competition exists between the supermarket industries of Australia. Coles and Woolworths are the two supermarket giants dominating the entire industry in Australia (Morgan, 2014). In the recent years, Aldi, the supermarket from Germany has gained fame in the industry. It has been able to possess threats to the two giants named Woolworths and Coles. The report has been presented under two major parts A and B and few sub-parts under them as required. Part A talks about the power of these two giants within their domain. The extent to which these two markets has been able to influence the industry has been shown discussed under this part. Part B discusses about the fierce competition existing in between the Woolworths and Coles within the territory of Australia and the resultant effect of this competition among the consumers. The report ends with a concluding paragraph where the findings of part A and B has been briefly presented. Too much market power in the hands of Coles and Woolworths The power of any firm, company or industry to influence the market and capture a large share of profit from it is known as market power(Curtin, 2016). In this report, the market power of Coles and Woolworths has been analyzed in details. First a brief discussion on these two supermarkets has been provided followed by the ways in which they capture the lions share of the market. Background of Coles: Coles Supermarket is among the top-level supermarkets existing in Australia. Mr. George Cole is the founder of this organization. The chain of retail brand is more than 100 years old and is operating is about 776 supermarkets in Australia. According to 2016, statistics more than 100,000 employees work under this retail brand. The total asset of this company is A$ 22.1 billion during 2016 (Devin Richards, 2016) . Background of Woolworths: Woolworths is Australias one of the biggest supermarket operating in the economy since 1924. It has been providing employment to more than 111,000 people. This is second in terms of its size of operation after Coles. Woolworths along with Coles has successfully retained around 80% of the total market share. At present, there are around 980 stores of Woolworths operating in Australia (Chung, 2016). Nature of the Australian Supermarkets: This report has already stated the fact that Coles and Woolworths have been taking up the lions share of Australias total supermarket and retail industry. Hence, it is clearly understood that there are only few firms who operates under this particular industrial domain. Other than these two supermarkets, the name, which can be mentioned to dominate the market force, is that of Aldi, a German based company. Few other supermarkets within Australian domain are IGA, BI-LO and Star-Mart. Since, there is existence of few markets, it can be said that the super market industry in Australia are oligopolistic in nature. The top-notch giants have the power to influence the total price of all the goods sold by the retail chains. As Woolworths and Coles have the supreme power, they always compete between themselves to win over the other. While trying to capture the largest share of market, both these retailers get engaged in price-wars. They always uses the technique of price slash to attract con sumers. Their market demand curve and supply curve have been shown below with the help of the diagram. Coles and Woolworths being engaged in an oligopolistic competition have the power to influence the price of the market(Mankiw, 2014). In the figure above, the Pe is the ideal situation where a competitive firm keeps its price. The price charged by the oligopolistic is at Po. That is the oligopolistic market produces the quantity where MR and MC intersects but charges prices which is equal to the AR. The blue line Pe has showed the extent of power, which these firms can use while pricing their goods, to Po. This pricing nature itself indicates that people are unable to deviate since they have very little other choices available with them. Indication of being the Super-powers: There has been clear indication that Woolworths and Coles are the superpower as the former has 32.5% and the later have 37.5% of total market share of Australia (Chung, 2016). Other than market share there are several other factors that determine the market power. They are: the total number of employment generate by the organization, the varied range of products available to meet customers demand and the total number of consumers of the company. Being involved in price-wars these two retail brands dictate the prices in the market. This again indicates the fact that they possess the powers. The revenue generated by the food and liquor section of Coles during 2016 was around A $ 33 billion. On other hand, the overall revenue of Woolworths in 2016 was A $ 59 billion (www.woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2016). This shows a contrary to the first line of this stanza where it has been stated that Coles market share was greater. This once again proves that these two giants are in constant competitio n of surpassing one another in their business while leaving no space for any other industry to establish their foot-fall in this domain. Competition between Coles and Woolworth is good for Australia According to the basic economic theory it can be stated that perfect competition is the best possible market structure from consumers view point. At the same time the market for perfect competition is a utopian situation. In real world, any consumers mostly prefer the oligopolistic market. Under this market structure, the consumer is able to retain its maximum surplus thereby gaining welfare (Mankiw, 2014). The supermarket in Australia being oligopolistic in nature thus helps consumer in retaining their consumer surplus. The ways in which common people can be benefitted by the rivalry of Coles and Woolworths are shown in details under the following sub-headings. Pricing policy: The super giants being busy with their price wars have been continuously cutting the price of their products. They are mainly slashing the price of fresh vegetables and food items. According to an article in dailymail, it has been seen that Coles has taken up the vows of slashing their products price continuously unless they get back customers from its opponent (mail.co.uk, 2016). The Wesfarmers are also aware of the fact that this strategy is going to hamper their long-term goals and henceforth they are trying to work on it. News in dailymail published on 16th January 2017 declares that Woolworths is going to provide barbeque meat namely scotch fillets, rump steaks and beef burgers at a slashed down rate throughout January(mail.co.uk, 2016). The general people are indeed happy to receive goods at such a low cost. On other hand, this price cut has a negative impact on the suppliers. Big brands are unable to place their products in these retail markets whereas small br and and farmers are forced to give out their entire supplies to these retail giants at a very low cost even below their production cost (heraldsun.com.au., 2017). Employment generation: The rivalry of Woolworths and Coles also has some serious impact on the level of employment in Australia. Along with the expansion of these supermarket chains and opening up of new outlets there is need of employers as well (Elks, 2017). These two big giants has been providing employment to a large section of Australias population. According to one of the leading new channel, Coles has planned to increase its employee base by doubling up the number of indigenous workers in their business. According to the demand of the company, within 2018 the indigenous people employed in Coles are going to be 3% of the total work-force. According to another article published in a journal named The Monthly, it has been observed that Woolworths has come up with ties with its producers who will supply them with their products (www.news.com.au, 2016). In doing so, the company has provided security to those producers and farmers. It is a benefit that has come up with the existence and increasing power of super market giants. On contrary the same report also says that the producers are forced to produce pre-specified goods and are not allowed to produce local indigenous commodities that these giants do not sell. In this way these companies are controlling the taste and preference of consumers by providing them with what they want and not with what they could get otherwise. Health and Nutrition: The supermarket giants have a large hold on the market for fresh foods. Often the farmers and small scale retailers complain about the fact that they are forced to produce customized food products failing which they have to destroy their own products thereby causing a huge loss in their business. These two retailers try to provide the Australian customer a wide variety of foods throughout the year. In doing so, they have to keep their products in cold-storage which diminishes the quality, freshness and nutritional value of the products (www.dailymail.co.uk, 2016). These forceful productions of crops reduce the nutritional value. Many a times the farmers need to use special fertilizer and hybrid seeds to grow the demanded vegetables and fruits. This instance not only reduces the nutritional value but also diminishes the fertility of soil which then creates a chain-effect in declining production. The customers who were initially happy to get foods at low price now face the consequences of ill health and poor nutrition. Recent Issues: Consumers can be fooled for a short period of time. In the long run, the consumers rectify their expectations and reacts accordingly. Similar things happened for these two supermarket giants (Chung, 2016). Initially consumers felt very excited and happy to shop from these retailers. Now it has become a compulsion for them due to lack of other opportunities. The customers nowadays are dissatisfied with the quality of products served by Coles and Woolworths. They also doubt the authenticity of the product since it is sold at such cheaper rate. Consumers are also scared of the ill consequences that may happen to their health as a result of poor quality of foods (Keating, 2015). These giants have also compromised the ways in which these foods are packed and transferred. The oligopolistic nature which was suppose to make people better off are now creating problems for the consumers of Australia by making them worse-off. They are remaining unhappy and unsatisfied. They are a lso ready to pay a higher price for better quality products. This reaction of the consumers clearly indicates the drawbacks of these supermarket giants. Conclusion: The report can be wrapped up by stating the findings and analysis of the consumer demand of the entire nation of Australia. The existence of the strong oligopolistic market in Australias retail supermarket industry has been clearly observed at every point of the report. The joint impact of Coles and Woolworths in Australia has been felt in many domains. According to Wesfarmers, their method of price slash has been adversely impacting their short-term goals and this cannot make them sustain in the industry for long. Hence, they are trying to find out ways through which they can improve the scenario while keeping the price low for their customers. On other hand while trying to minimize the cost, these companies have been continuously degrading the service provided by them and creating pressure on the farmers. This has resulted in agitation amongst them. At the same time the big brands are also retrieving their products from these retail companies causing a matter of growing concern for them. Through this report it has been found that the supremacy in retail industry in in the hands of Coles and Woolworths. Other than small farmers and small scale retailers, overall the consumers have been benefitted from the constant competition that existed between these two companies. In order to maintain the sustainability in business the company must start prioritizing the needs and requirement of the farmers and small scale producers and also maintain the quality of the products supplied by them. References: Chung, F., 2016. Moodys rings Aldi alarm bell for Coles. Chung, F., 2016. Woolworths unveils $1.235 billion loss. [Online] Available at: https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/woolworths-unveils-1235-billion-loss/news-story/ [Accessed 18 January 2017]. Curtin, D., 2016. Abuse of Market Power: The End of'Make-Believe'Analysis?. Devin, B. Richards, C., 2016. Food Waste, Power, and Corporate Social Responsibility in the Australian Food Supply Chain. Journal of Business Ethics. Elks, S., 2017. Coles doubles indigenous staff. [Online] Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/indigenous/coles-program-doubles-its-indigenous-workforce-in-a-year/news-story/ [Accessed 19 Jan 2017]. heraldsun.com.au., 2017. Who pays for big two's price war? [Online] Available at: https://www.heraldsun.com.au/business/terry-mccrann/who-pays-for-the-coles-and-woolworths-price-war/news [Accessed 19 Jan 2017]. James, S.W., 2016. Beyond localfood: how supermarkets and consumer choice affect the economic viability of small?scale family farms in Sydney, Australia. Area,. Keating, E., 2015. Supermarket Monsters. [Online] Available at: Supermarket Monsters: Seven insights into how Coles and Woolworths came to dominate Australian groceries [Accessed 19 Jan 2017]. mail.co.uk, 2016. Coles vows to continue slashing prices as it tries to win customers. [Online] Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3877088/Coles-slashes-prices-supermarket-war-Woolworths-Aldi.html [Accessed 19 Jan 2017]. Mankiw, N.G., 2014. Essentials of economics. Cengage learning. Morgan, R., 2014. Market share narrows between Coles and Woolworths, while ALDI makes important gains. www.dailymail.co.uk, 2016. Woolworths and Coles slashing meat prices ahead of Australia Day. [Online] Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4124982/Woolworths-Coles-slashing-cost-barbecue-meats.html [Accessed 19 Jan 2017]. www.news.com.au, 2016. [Online] Available at: https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/are-woolworths-and-coles-about-to-give-us-innovation-we-actually-want/news-story/ [Accessed 18 Jan 2017]. www.woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2016. Our Brands - Woolworths Group. [Online] Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-brand/ [Accessed 18 Jan 2017].

Friday, November 29, 2019

Term Paper Essay Example Essay Example

Term Paper Essay Example Paper The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Introduction Term Paper Introduction In the article â€Å"The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility† Porter and Kramer, argue that companies have to develop a corporate social responsibility program. They argue that these companies have to incorporate this program in all their business activities. According to the authors, corporate social responsibility is only practiced well when it is taken further. Donations to the local charities are not enough to constitute a great practice of corporate responsibility. Companies that do not practice the corporate social responsibility may lose to their competitors. Therefore, the authors believe that corporate social responsibility enables a business to gain competitive advantage. On the other hand, in the article â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits† Milton Friedman centers on socialism, capitalism and individualism. Milton criticizes the businesses that claim to practice soci al responsibilities. Milton believes that the corporate executive should respond to employers and not the society. Milton argues that social responsibility practice should not be forced on the businesses. He believes that businesses should work towards profit maximization. Contrast According to Milton, the business does not have any responsibility. However, the people engaged in the business are the ones who have responsibilities. Milton believes that since the corporation is an artificial person, it can have artificial responsibilities. Therefore, the individuals who have responsibilities are the corporate executives who owe responsibility to their employers. On the other hand, Porter and Kramer believe that organizations should practice the corporate social responsibility. The authors believe that organizations can practice the corporate social responsibility by trying to reduce the ways in which the organization influences the environment. They can also practice the corporate soc ial responsibility by ensuring that the employees are paid fair salaries. In this article, the corporations owe a corporate responsibility to the society. This is in contrast to Milton’s article that centers on the corporate executives social responsibility. In Milton’s article, the corporate executive has the responsibility to the employer. This is because he is the employee. Therefore, his responsibility is to carry out the business with the aim of making maximum profits. If the objective of maximum profits is reached, then the corporate executive will have fulfilled the desires of the employer. Therefore, the corporate executive’s responsibility is to fulfill the desires of the employer. On the other hand, Porter and Kramer’s article argues that the organizations owe corporate social responsibility to the society. This is in contrast to Milton’s article where the corporate executives owe a responsibility to their employers. The organizations sho uld ensure the practice of maximum corporate social responsibility in order to gain competitive advantage. The companies should also account for the social cost of their corporate activities. They should compensate the society for the negative effects of their company. According to Milton, a corporate executive only practices social responsibility when he responds to other responsibilities other than those of his employer. These are the charitable activities practiced and donations to the church. When the corporate executive engages in these activities, he uses part of his income to contribute or return to the society. In addition, he may also deny himself an opportunity in order to join the country’s army. These all constitutes the corporate executive’s social responsibilities. This is so because he sacrifices his own money and not that of the employer. In addition, he uses his own energy. On the other hand, Porter and Kramer’s article considers the organizatio n’s corporate social responsibility. This is in contrast to Miller’s article that centers in the individual’s social responsibility. The organizations are the ones responsible for the corporate social responsibility. These corporations part with their own capital in order to make the society a better place. Example, the companies intend to solve the global warming problem by reducing the emission of the toxic gasses to the environment. Milton argues that the corporate executive can have a social responsibility according to his capacity as a businessperson. However, this act will be against his responsibility of responding to the employers desires of profit maximization. For example, the corporate executive may reduce the prices of products in order to curb inflation. He may also increase the business expenditure in order to reduce pollution of the environment beyond the company’s interests. All these activities reduce the business profits against the busi ness’s will. In addition, it is not necessary for the employee to practice this since the business does not gain from it in any way. The corporate executives spend the employer’s money to practice the virtuous deeds for the society. On the other hand, the corporate social responsibilities practiced by the corporations are to enable the achievement of competitive advantage. According to Porter and Kramer’s article, corporate responsibility is more than the cost accrued to its practice. The companies achieve success through the practice of corporate responsibility. In addition, the corporations that engage in this activity are always willing unlike the other businesses that make losses from it. Compare Both articles promote the fulfillment of the responsibilities. Milton’s article argues that the corporate executives owe a responsibility to their employers. They should ensure the employers’ desires are fulfilled. The corporate executive cannot owe a responsibility to the society since he is an employee of the business. These responsibilities should focus on improving the business. Porter and Kramer’s article also promotes the fulfillment of the corporate social responsibilities. This article encourages the organizations to practice maximum corporate social responsibility in order to gain competitive advantage. In this case, the organizations are responsible for the practice of the social responsibility to the society. Therefore, both articles encourage the practice of social responsibility in order to gain different advantages. Milton’s article certifies that a corporate executive can practice social responsibility and the social responsibility according to his capacity as a businessperson. Therefore, both articles encourage the practice of the social responsibility. In the case of the corporations, it is referred to as the corporate social responsibility. In both articles, the practice of the social responsibilit ies by the businesses is to ensure the success of the business in the end. The corporate social responsibilities are practiced by the corporations to enable the gain of competitive advantage. The corporations that practice maximum corporate social responsibility enjoy the advantage of being competitive apart from being recognized. On the other hand, the businesses that practice responsibility do so with the aim of maximizing profits. The corporate executives focus on satisfying their employer’s desires of profit maximization. If they fail to respond to this desire, the business suffers a loss. If the corporate executive decides to practice social responsibility, the business will lose since the profits of the business will have to be reduced in order to ensure this. On the other hand, the corporations that do not practice corporate social responsibility lose on the advantage of gaining competitive advantage. Therefore, in order to ensure this, they have to practice the corpor ate social responsibilities. Both articles argue that the political principles of compliance must be fulfilled. In Milton’s article, he argues that individuals should satisfy the general social interests. This is whether it applies in the church or to the public. The author argues that it is best for individuals to contribute to the society. Therefore, if people take social responsibility seriously, the political principles in relation to it will be followed. The author believes that a business has only one social responsibility. This responsibility is the use of the resources in ways that increase profits. On the other hand, Porter and Kramer’s article also argue that the corporations should involve themselves in the corporate social responsibility activity. Though it is optional, it is crucial to the corporations in order for the society to benefit from them just as they benefit through the gaining of competitive advantage. Conclusion My take on this is that all busi nesses and corporations should practice social responsibility. This is because it causes a benefit to their business activities and therefore, it is only ethical for them to practice social responsibility to the society. The aim of profit maximization is a self-centered act that does not consider the society. In addition, corporate social responsibility act results to advantages in the end. The business gains recognition, which in turn enables it to experience competitive advantage. In the end, the business maximizes its profits just as Milton argues. Therefore, I agree with Porter and Kramer’s article since it ensures the fulfillment of the corporate social responsibility and in the end, the business also benefits from this. This is unlike Milton’s article that only centers on profit maximization. Term Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Monday, November 25, 2019

How does Robert Browning tell the story in The Patriot Essay Example

How does Robert Browning tell the story in The Patriot Essay Example How does Robert Browning tell the story in The Patriot Paper How does Robert Browning tell the story in The Patriot Paper Essay Topic: Left To Tell ‘The Patriot’ by Robert Browning is a dramatic monologue about one man’s downfall from being loved to being hated. The title is a definite article which specifically indicates that The Patriot is one person; however the subtitle is an indefinite article ‘An Old Story’ which suggests that this is something that can happen to anyone and does time and time again. The first stanza sets the scene of the poem creating a contrasting setting. The stanza starts with, ‘it was roses, roses, all the way’ this use of imagery is used to paint a picture of positivity, as roses were often used to symbolise love. This first line also indicates a retrospective narrative which suggests that something significant has happened which has changed the situation. Browning describes how the ‘house-roofs seemed to heave and sway’ which suggests that the poem begins in a busy town which is heaving with people living in poverty which would have been common during the Victorian period, this therefore gives an insight as to when the play was set. The narrator also mentions how the ‘church-spires flames’ this introduces the religious element whilst using the word ‘flamed’ to suggest it is hot weather; this is Browning’s use of pathetic fallacy. Browning uses dialogue in the second stanza to convey the relationship the narrator had with his community. He uses hyperbolic imagery – ‘give me your sun from yonder skies’ to show the extent of love the crowds felt for him. From the beginning we are presented with two different sides the narrator and the crowd always presented as ‘I’ and ‘They’ this creates sympathy for the narrator as we feel emotionally connected with the narrator as opposed to ‘They’ the crowd, this is perhaps because he narrator is ambiguous with what he has done worn got make them go against him. The first line of the third stanza portrays the narrator ‘who leaped at the sun’ this line references an old tale of Icarus who stuck feathers onto his arms with wax, however when he got closer to the sun the wax began to melt and he fell to the ground. Browning uses this intentionally to convey that bad things come with being too ambitious, which the Patriot obviously did. The narrator feels hopeless feeling as though he has done everything that he could do, the third line ‘nought man could do, have I left undone’ suggests that he left something ‘undone’ which he felt was impossible to complete which is perhaps the reason the crowds turned on him. There is also more biblical and religious reference, ‘my harvest, what I reap This very day, now a year is run’ could suggest that due to events in the past he has turned to god since then. It may also suggest by using the word ‘reap’ that he was in a powerful position and now all he has left are the things that he has done in the past. In the fourth stanza Browning shows a negative contrast in setting, juxtaposing with the previous description of the house-roofs filled with people now ‘there’s nobody on the house –tops. ’ We can gather that the narrator is getting executed with ‘just a palsied few’ there to watch. The poems setting has moved place, now at the ‘Shambles’ Gate’ where people would go to watch public executions. The fact that it is a gate mirrors the gates of heaven which includes the religious element. The poem has made a transit into present tense. In the fifth stanza Browning uses pathetic fallacy once more however in contrast to the first stanza now the patriot goes ‘in the rain. ’ The rain can also symbolise how the patriot is innocent and the rain is reflecting being washed clean. The narrator appears confused as though everything is happening without him quite understanding why. They have held his hands behind his back and- although this is ambiguous- placed a crown of thorns on his head. We have gathered this from the line ‘my forehead bleeds’ – this reflects the character of Jesus, it is arguable that the narrator himself could be Jesus. It is quite clear that the crowd has shown a change in nature towards the patriot replacing their love and admiration with desire for him to be killed, some critics believe that this was Browning’s attempt of portraying the fickleness of human nature. The last line of the stanza reveals that he has done a ‘year’s misdeeds’ which they are punishing him for however it is ambiguous as to what those misdeeds are. We can tell that the patriot is coming close to the end as Browning has increased tension within previous paragraphs using techniques such as pathetic fallacy and juxtaposition. The last stanza reflects the emotional contrast in how he felt before and how he feels now, the first line reads ‘thus I entered and thus I go’ I think that Browning is conveying the message that human temperament is changeable and that you shouldn’t get too use to being top of the ‘heap’. However the patriot begins to realise that sometimes people die for doing good as well ‘in triumphs, people have dropped down dead’ sometimes things are just meant to be. The religious element is brought back into the poem at the end to create a universal meaning of the poem ‘tis God shall repay: I am safer so’ The patriot feels safe at last because he knows that God will see that he has done nothing morally wrong. This links into Brownings message for the poem who asks whether it is better to be out of the world of corruption where it will be more peaceful than to be in the world.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Information management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Information management - Coursework Example obile users (Goswami, 2013).The purpose of the report is to evaluate the impact of mobile computing in information management and also the importance of information management in the modern world. Global access and management of information has been one of the influential forces in the evolution of information technology. The development of central computing facilitated the computation of complex calculations and in the manipulation of advanced information. Further, the discovery of the web technology helped in providing hyper-linked information and global technology. However, the access to the information was restricted to the physical location of the individuals. The achievement of the real global network by accessing information anywhere and at anytime in the world is the fundamental motivation behind the development of mobile computing. This advancement in technology is the result of the development in the both the hardware and software parts at various stages motivated by tangible application needs (Cox, 2014). The design and implementation of data management applications for the wireless mediums which facilitates the mobility of data resources and computation is equally important. Wireless communications allow users carrying portable devices to retain their network connection even when they are moving. This type of communication is called mobile and nomadic computing. Mobile computing adds a new dimension to distributed computation with universal access to the required information anywhere and anytime (Pitoura and Samaras, 2012). The importance of mobile computing is increasing continuously due to the rise in the variety of available portable devices and the desire to have a constant connectivity to the network irrespective of the physical location of the individual. Mobile computing is a resourceful and possibly strategic device that improves information accessibility, band quality, increases management effectiveness and enhances operational efficiency.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Public Sector Employment Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public Sector Employment Relations - Essay Example In this context, the role of government and its position in the public sector is a crucial aspect to account for. On the same note, the fact that the government employs the public service introduces employment relations to be accounted for in that sector. Employee-employer relationship is captured in employment relations concepts. This is basically an account of the employee and employer interactions, to further account for productivity in service delivery. The public sector provides both public goods and services (Ashworth and Entwistle, 2010, p.109). The government, whether local or central, acts as the employer in public service. Every employed individual is accountable to the state. Public sector employment relations therefore capture the interactions between the government and its employees in the public service field (Ashworth and Entwistle, 2010, p.113). Over and above capturing productivity of employee through functional relationships with their employers, the concept of empl oyment relations also encompass the morale and motivation of employees in their working environment and beyond. Generally, employment relations are fundamental in a number of ways. The interaction of employees with their employers boosts their cooperation, improving the underlying working environment. Effectiveness and efficiency of product and service delivery is realized in that process. Unnecessary conflicts are also avoided, enhancing information flow and discharge of duties and responsibilities by both employees and employers. Decision making in that context cannot be ignored. Employee relations seek to incorporate the participation of employees in organizational decision making. On the same note, employees can keep track of decisions made that pertain to matters affecting them from time to time. Public servants are managed by the public sector, primarily the government. The relationship between the public servants and their employer is a complex one, and dynamic in nature. It encompasses multidimensional factors that include but not limited to social, economic, political, ethical, psychological and legal factors (Julius, 2008, p.73). Social, economic, political and technological advancements are creating diverse needs for the society, consequently requiring that the public sector be more accountable. Resource allocation is central to this pursuit, but there never seems to be enough resources that adequately address the needs of the society. Social welfare is on the same note calling for higher qualities and standards, pressuring the government even further. This has influenced the public sector, public service and the private sector in a number of ways, all of which converge to employment concerns. The public sector creates a critical employment pool, rendering functional all its firms, agencies, corporates and parastatal entities. The private sector on the other hand accounts for significant employment opportunities in the nation and beyond. Firms and o rganizations that are privately run complement the public sector in accounting for social welfare in the country. Employment operations in the two sectors have open distinctions, and so are the underlying employment relations. In the public sector, the government acts as the central employer of the public servants. These public servants make up the public service that further accounts for public goods and services delivery to the entire public population. The private sect

Monday, November 18, 2019

Health Risks of being Obese and Dangers of Anorexia, Bulimia, and Research Paper

Health Risks of being Obese and Dangers of Anorexia, Bulimia, and Gastric By-Pass - Research Paper Example Adults as well as children have been observed to frequently suffer from obesity in modern day context. Obesity is one of the major origins of preventable death. There are various health risks which are attached with obesity or overweight. The health risks associated with obesity are Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, cancer, metabolic syndrome, gallbladder disease, pregnancy complications, liver disease as well as sleep apnea among others. Obesity is considered as a psychological as well as a physical problem. Moreover, psychological problems relating to depression, eating disorder and anxiety are among the factors which are responsible for disrupting healthy diet. Body mass index (BMI) is a technique utilized with the intention of determining health risks of a person associated with an individual weight. BMI is normally a proportion of weight to height (NIDDK, 2007). Obesity is determined to be a major problem related to health for both children and adult. It is one of the main public health related problems. Moreover, obesity is considered to be a complex problem. In this regard, there are many factors including nutrition, genetic, energy consumption as well as environment factors which are responsible for contributing to obesity etiology. Overweight children possess many chronic conditions which may lead to obesity in their adult life. Obesity raises the risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes in adults as well as in children. Moreover, obesity in childhood can also lead to high blood pleasure related medical condition in adulthood. Hypertension is related to obesity which may cause cerebral hemorrhage and heart disease (Raman, 2002). Eating disorder is a major reason for obesity. Food is considered as a coping material for individuals suffering from weight gain problem. In this concern, individuals possessing these problems tend to intake food in order to cope up with anxious or stressed situations as well as circumstances. Intake of high

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Crisis Intervention Plan For School Shootings Social Work Essay

Crisis Intervention Plan For School Shootings Social Work Essay School shootings are one of the common events that achieved a level of cultural symbolism and make fear within students, their relatives, and school personnel. It is not shocking that these shootings are still happening, since the source of the problem is sophisticated. School shootings promote depression and anxiety within schools and encourage the idea that schools are unsafe for many students; in this paper I will discuss the course of action in Virginia Tech and my role as a school psychologist during the crisis. On April 16, 2007, Virginia Tech experienced a terrible and unforgettable event in the American university history. An Asian student shot and took the lives of 32 students and faculty, staff. He left behind injured individuals and people with psychological problems, and then he killed himself. Moreover, victims families, friends and the university community have suffered horribly. As a school psychologist in Virginia Tech, I think it is very crucial to collect the data about the student who killed the victims in order to know more about the real causes that led him to shoot people and kill himself after. This will help to deal with students behavior to avoid and stop real causes before they get more complicated. The student murderer was skinny and looked younger than his age. He did not participate in class and did not want to speak. The professors reported that he was mentally ill and he asked him to seek counseling. I believed that it is important to work with students who have same symptoms like this person who needed an early diagnosis. I believe that mental health clinics receive a big number of antisocial behaviors which is the most common disorder in our daily life. I think that early diagnosis of serious aggression that can be Conduct Disorder which begins as aggression in the early childhood and developed during adolescence and adulthood, it is very vital to know about these cases in order to help those individuals since they were diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Conduct is a disorder that refers to people who deal with specific behavioral and emotional problems during the childhood. People diagnoses with this disorder cannot focus and they have a hard time to follow rules. They are often referred as bad people or delinquent, ignoring that they mentally ill. Course of action Schools must be protected and safe places for children to study, however after this shooting event, a number of students and their families still feel threatened and their lives in danger by armed and dangerous classmates. As a member of school community we need to discuss our plan and how to deal with current students, families, professors and the other members who experienced the incident and help them to overcome and continue benefit from school. I believe that it is very interesting to work with survived students to trust us and discuss our plans to offer a safe place to learn. As school staff, we need to work with parents and public safety providers (local police and fire departments, emergency responders, hospitals, etc.) (National Association of School Psychologists, 2006) The school community needs also to enhance, and renew the school procedures to keep school building safe. Work with students to be able to discuss and talk aloud if something happened that makes them feel un comfortable, worried or scared. Teach the students that everybody play a big role to maintain the school safety. School community needs also to offer crisis training and professional development for all staff based upon needs assessment. (NASP, 2006) Anger and violence are progressively more significant issues to school psychologists and other professionals today. Those educators faced the effects of learning problems and social adjustment issues. It is very significant to provide monthly workshops for all students to identify their feelings and help them to know how to manage their feelings of anger, especially if they are taking drugs or having mental illness will be helpful. It is very important to teach and make students stay away from drugs and alcohol. Added to this, being away from guns and other weapons will be helpful as well. Teach students in early age that violence is not a solution to handle problems. Therefore, provide counseling sessions to all students, especially those who are struggling with anxiety, depression, or other emotional concerns that they cannot handle. William Pollack, a Harvard Medical School psychologist, stated in the incident of the Columbine shooters needed help, and what they got day after day was no one noticing. They were left alone. Adolescents, even though they say they want to be alonethey really want some kind of connection with an adult who understands and cares. (USA today, 2009) As a school staff, we need to work on our safety programs as well. We will need to lock doors, provide security cameras and call systems. We need to encourage and build up the respect between staff and students, students and students. Respect the students potential and performance is very vital also. The interaction between counselors or professors and students is very important to be able to recognize students feelings and alert any serious emotional issues or mental health problems. Check and connect is a good strategy to provide to school staffs in the workshops. In this approach, every day, one professor or more should talk about a specific students case. As the initial responsibility we have as school staff, we should help people experience the event in an appropriate context. We need to provide counseling and psychological treatments and we have to work with them to be able to continue their studies and help them to achieve their goals as they came for the first time and may be better. We have to work with those people who were in the event on the traumatic that may happened and they will think about all the time. We need to be able to help them to forget it and start a new personal and educational safe life. It is obvious that people who commit this kind of things and shooting usually have mental disorders such as severe depression or other emotional problems. Those individuals usually feel unwanted and badly treated by others, they are dissatisfied in their academic performance and goals, and therefore they go for suicide and shooting in order to do revenge. Moreover, these students always prepared for their plans previously and they talked about their purposes in advance. Hopefully, we will have time to know about their plans and help them recognize their feelings to be able to intervene early. That is why I believe that we need to build up confidence and communication with students and promote them to ask for help whenever they feel that they need it. As people working in schools, the event is hard to experience, but we may be able to better control the school and in preventing more shootings. Moreover, students who are under medications for anxiety, depression or other concerns and are currently in university, they need to be in contact with their doctor, therapist as well as their family. It may be also appropriate for students who have faced a prior traumatic event as well. I believed that school shooting is one of the biggest issues that need more than a single solution; poor parenting and early identification are big terms to think about dealing with such incidents. Most shootings in schools occurred primarily because of revenge against society. Specific people such as parents, friends, and roommates know how to help professionals to diminish specific psychological outcomes of a traumatic incident by using observation as a method to watch students who are at greater jeopardy and assist directly. Awareness of the issues that can lead to cruel psychological distress may assist adults to differentiate those students who need mental health assistance. As school community, we should plan cooperatively to invent a safety within schools to decrease violence by utilizing various approaches in order to meet each schools needs. For an effective result, it is helpful to include the following components such as making school-community safety partnerships, establishing comprehensive school crisis response plans (NASP, 2006) As a course of action, schools should adopted new laws and strategies to cope with this new style of showing such brutal aggression in instructional establishments, such as forbidding violent behaviors by issuing a disciplinary rules and punishments against individuals who are attempting to be involved in aggressive behaviors in schools settings. Besides, schools need also to offer a proper and effective counseling therapy for people who still under the shock of a shooting incident and help them to overcome the crisis time. As far as community is concerned, it should be a priority to protect students who experience aggr essive events and make them regain confidence to pursue their academic and emotional life. Improving classroom environment is also presented in our school plan by endorsing such a positive school discipline School climate is a relatively enduring quality of the entire school that is experienced by members, describes their collective perceptions of routine behavior, and affects their attitudes and behavior in the school (Camilla Sandra, 2007). Our program fights racism and intolerance and implements strategies to accept people from different cultures; in school program, the community promotes consultation, appropriate social skills, rising security in schools, and use disciplinary method to punish individuals who did not respect the school policy. Utilizing prevention programs for all students is one of the vital strategies we have in our program like talking about the federal law. Basically, we also implement some specific interventions in order to support students positive emotiona l development and educate them to utilize non-violent methods to decipher their personal concerns. Support students who show early signs of violation behaviors at schools and encouraging peer relationship by utilizing communication and mediation programs to resolve conflicts. School-based mental health services are very wanted recently. As school community, collaborating with parents and policy makers we should scrutinize issues that can account for events in which a massacre happened in the establishment setting in order to assist students to accomplish their aims in schools and help them to identify their personal and social issues. During the crisis, as member of school community, we were looking for manners in order to stop these events to re-happen. School Psychologists national association (NASP) team stated that, Crisis has been frequently recognized as a time of potential danger as well as potential opportunity.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ If our profession is able to manage the danger that is, manage the immediate crisis and quickly return the system to normal functioning then there exists a tremendous opportunity to stimulate long-term systemic change. Once seen as effective and credible, the psychologist has infinitely more opportunity to move the system in the direction of prevention (Kathy, 2008). School psychologists can be a terrific source to the institutional community in the improvement of efficient mental health services to discuss students and families needs. It is also fundamental that school psychologists become very important and positive individuals in endorsing their task as mental health service providers and programs in schools. My role as a school psychologist As a school psychologist, I need to be able to identify student in need for extra help and aid in recognizing proper referral sources in the community. I would also use the psychological triage as a technique to establish the crisis intervention cure. The use of this approach is particularly significant when the psychological trauma victim surpasses the number of available people who can intervene. According to National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), there are various things that we can do as people working in schools that may insure that schools are secure places for students and enhance the comfort level of individuals such as inform parents by the school safety policies and calamity avoidance efforts. As a school psychologist, I need to be active within schools, communicate with students and their parents. I need also to visit classrooms frequently. Work on students behavior and help school community to teach students the appropriate and expected behaviors, provide interventions and supports. Talk and make a link with community colleagues to evaluate emergency response plans and discuss the needs that may be noticeable to the current crisis. Highlight violence prevention programs and curriculum currently being taught in schools and emphasize the efforts of the school to teach students alternatives to violence including peaceful conflict resolution and positive i nterpersonal relationship skills. Cite specific examples such as Second Step Violence Prevention, bully proofing, or other positive interventions and behavioral supports (NASP, 2006). My role as school psychologist as well is to prevent those individuals who homicide others and suicide. An article by NASP stated that society needs to ease closer relations as a replacement of watching television and using computers in the rest of the evenings, visit friends, classmates, and neighbors, walk you dog or go for picnic will help to stop murders to realize their plans and crimes. As a course of action, we should work on the relationship between students, their professors, and other school workers (NASP, 2006) My role as a school psychologist also is to examine the psychological disorders of students who appeared to be at risk such as those individuals who may have post traumatic stress syndrome, depression, Schizophrenia, and other mental health problems. It is very significant to early diagnosis those people with the previous disorders in order to be able to intervene and help them to live normal people and act responsively. My job as a member of the community is to be aware of some people who refuse to talk about their experience in the past and hide their traumatic events. In this point, I need to be able to help survivors of this horrible crisis to talk about it and assist them to be able to identify and discuss their feelings from it. I need to be able to aid those people by using psychotherapy sessions and advanced techniques. As a school psychologist, I can be trusted to help with delicate personal and family situations that interfere with schooling. I can also help prevent future problems when I intervene with learning problems early on, and I can also recognize that changes in the school environment and at home can improve the quality of life for children and their families.   For most victims, cognitive-behavioral therapy is the best treatment that I can use in order to change distorted and possibly harmful perceptions of post-traumatic stress, severe anxiety, depression, pleasant mental image ry, and relaxation techniques. Other counseling and therapy techniques may help those people achieve a good perceptive of the illness and the factors that protect against it. There are also stress inoculation training and visualization techniques that can be used as treatment to help those victims in our school setting. All these treatments need to be taught to survivors in order to practice it on their own. I need also to share with them my feelings, experience, and signs to help decreasing feelings of fear and helplessness. In terms of intervention, as a school psychologist I should work and consult with teachers in order to choose, implement, and evaluate interventions that best work for the different needs of different students.   As expert I need to be able to teach students, teachers, parents, and other professionals problem-solving strategies to address issues related to students academic, behavioral, and psychological problems after the incident. I need also to be able to assist teachers, parents, and other professionals use data-based decision making to improve student and systemic outcomes. Besides, I have to help teachers understand the unique needs of students, especially those diagnosis with mental health problems. It is very important to consult with those individuals doctors and counselor as well in order to keep in truck, know more about their current situations, and help them to release their pains. NASP promotes that school psychologists to take a leadership role in developing comprehe nsive approaches to violence reduction and crisis response in schools (NASP, 2006). Since school psychologists are capable to involve in the whole school personals in enhancing and applying positive behavioral interventions that support social-emotional development of students. School psychologists are also important members who are skilled by using and implementing different intervention strategies that may decrease violent behaviors within school settings and with different students. As a school psychologist, I can discuss with other school members the implementation of social skills activities and other techniques used in order to educate students how to solve their personal issues. My other role is to offer consultation process to promote schools form calamity planning teams. As part of the evaluation program, I need to reduce aggression activities among students and help those who were presenting during the incident physically, psychologically, and social seclusion. As far as m y role, I will help school to response to this emergency case. As a school psychology, my role also is to be well aware of the advantage of the early intervention and prevention efforts. Traditional crisis caregivers include emergency response professionals, mental health providers, medical professionals, victim assistance counselors, and faith leaders (NASP, 2003) those professionals are all well skilled to handle different cases and to help sufferers to manage their life and handle their problems. Teachers and administrators are the most people who interact with our students; however some of them did not get any training to offer mental health services and intervention. As a school psychologist, I think that will be very helpful to provide trainings and help those professionals to be able to intervene. These roles of school psychologists are very vital elements as plans of school safety. To guarantee that school psychologists are well trained to offer leadership in school violence prevention. NASP helped school psychologists to get the necessary comprehension and skills to apply aggression prevention and the crisis in schools during their programs and through their life experiences. Summary Very serious violent problems occur in school settings and have sophisticated causes, unknown sources and valuable consequences. Besides, fights, sexual harassment, and bullying that occur every day in all school establishments in the world. We started to experience shootings people at schools and suicide. These affected the schools environments, safety, and made many students, relatives and school staffs to undergo horribly. Thus, the efforts to decrease aggression at school settings need to be multi-faceted. School settings are trusted to protect children and keep them secure during the school day. Teachers, principals, and all school staff do big efforts to keep students safe and away from any danger. Many students trust schools and they feel happy and comfort in the school staffs who save them from harms and protect them. There are various cases and huge number of shoots and suicide in school settings, therefore schools and professionals community need to prepared in order to have a minimum damages and handle crises, in order to keep students and staff out of harm and able to learn and teach. In my opinion, I think that a successful and effective program will guarantee the safety of all students and school staff. It is crucial to create programs that lead to stop and reduce aggression and responding rapidly and efficiently whenever violence happens. Aggression decrease plans have to also affect on all student approaches to violence, educate them and school workers to be able to solve their skills in an effective away, and help the school to make an environment that encourages acceptance and tolerance between students and staff. School safety programs are very efficient when we involved other groups of violence prevention efforts such as local law enforcement, juvenile probation, public health personnel, and other parent and community groups (NASP, 2006) This will help to reduce aggression and anger among students in order to ensure life of all children and youth and improved their performance to achieve their goal. I believe that all families, friends, and school staff have the responsibility in this massacre, by ignoring the murder mental health history and let him lived in the campus as a normal student. The safety group of the campus has also a big responsibility and failed to intervene in the appropriate time to stop the killing show was happening. The uncontrolled guns are big issues as well that led to kill those innocent students easily. All school psychologists have the responsibility to give hands to educational institutions and involve in the methodical group structure and problem solving process. They have the responsibility to analysis the data and identify students problems. All these plans should be discussed in objective data of school databases. Typically my role as a school psychologist is that I cannot make diagnosis, but I can provide data by using various number of assessments tools like doing observations, interviews, and consulting with parents and other professionals. There are very big numbers of interventions that can be used by school psychologists to assist those individuals in order to comprehend their goals and try be able to deal with it.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock :: essays research papers fc

TS Eliot's Prufrock The ironic character of "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," an early poem by T.S. Eliot (1888-1965) in the form of a dramatic monologue, is introduced in its title. Eliot is talking, through his speaker, about the absence of love, and the poem, so far from being a "song," is a meditation on the failure of romance. The opening image of evening (traditionally the time of love making) is disquieting, rather than consoling or seductive, and the evening "becomes a patient" (Spender 160): "When the evening is spread out against the sky / Like a patient etherized upon a table" (2-3). According to Berryman, with this line begins modern poetry (197). The urban location of the poem is confrontational instead of being alluring. Eliot, as a Modernist, sets his poem in a decayed cityscape, " a drab neighborhood of cheap hotels and restaurants, where Prufrock lives in solitary gloom" (Harlan 265). The experience of Prufrock is set against that of unnamed "women" (13), collectively representing womankind. Their unattainable status is represented by their constant movement- they "come and go"- and their "polite chitchat about Michelangelo, who was a man of great creative energy, unlike Prufrock" (Harlan 265). We cannot imagine that they would listen to any love song by Prufrock, any more than they would find his name or his person attractive. "A man named J. Alfred Prufrock could hardly be expected to sing a love song; he sounds too well dressed" (Berryman 197)."J. Alfred Prufrock" indicates his formality, and his surname, in particular, indicates prudery. The powerful metaphor, a visual image of the "yellow fog" (15) in the fourth stanza, represents the jaundiced environment of the modern city, or Eliot's "infernal version of the forest of Arden" (Cervo 227). The image is ambiguous, however, because Eliot als o makes it curiously attractive in the precision he uses in comparing the fog's motions to that of a cat who "[l]icked its tongue into the corners of the evening" (17). We also hear the fog, disquietingly, in that image, in the onomatopoeia of "licked." Repetition of "time", in the following stanza, shows how the world of Prufrock's being is bound to temporality. "Prufrock speaks to his listeners as if they had come to visit him in some circle of unchanging hell where time has stopped and all action has become theoretical" (Miller 183). "Time" is repeated, several times, but it is not only its inescapable presence that Eliot is emphasizing, but also the triviality of the ways in which we use it; "the taking of a toast and tea" (34).

Monday, November 11, 2019

Mona in the Promised Land By Gish Jen Essay

Cultural clashes are one of the defining marks of the early centuries wherein racial, ethnic and cultural difference are the most debated issues. Long before the entrance of globalization in the global scene, different nation-states did not really have the chance of making close relationships with their neighboring states especially when their cultures are the exact opposite of theirs. And for this reason, they tried to isolate themselves from other countries (or at most have communication or somewhat have indirect relationship toward other states that have almost similar culture and tradition) so as to preserve their cultural heritage. Fagan) But upon the outbreak of WW1 and WW2, culture, race and ethnicity became one of the pivotal prices that changed the world structure and order. On the other hand, the occurrence of the said world wars and the introduction of the concept of globalization were not the primordial root of such cultural clashes. Even during the time of the establishment of the first civilizations in almost all regions of the world, conflicts that were defined or motivated by cultural struggles were already preponderant. Hence, there is this historical origin of the said problem. Culture, Race and Ethnicity Culture is considered as a way of life. It implies that whatever man does or acts or believes it is its culture. Traditions and customs are subsets of culture. Even before an individual was born, there was already a defined culture to which he was already belonged. This culture was given to him by either his parents or his environment (or even both). Having this fact, a person cannot really say that he has chosen a particular culture for himself. But what is really true is that he was anticipated to adapt his parents and/or his environment’s culture. And only as he progresses or as he grows up that he exposes himself to other culture and tries to make some modifications on his possessed culture. Thus, one can be influenced by other foreign cultures. And that he can assimilate those cultures as he pleases. But the original cultural that he owns cannot really be thrown away. It sticks to one person as long as he lives. (Bolaffi) Race defines how man’s biological, sociological and cultural features are structured. Be it an American, an Asian or a European. But among the races that which suffers a lot are the races of the Blacks (the Africans). During the struggle of the Black-Americans regarding the slavery issue, they were perceived as the race that which is the most inferior (for they believed then that the standard for superiority can be measured through the color of the skin). As a result of such conception, the Blacks were badly maltreated and their dignity was really degraded. Historically, the Blacks received the most numbered and prominent manifestations of racial discrimination. (Bolaffi) Ethnicity comes into the picture as subset of culture (as stated earlier in this paper). It goes with the idea that every individual is either belonged to a single group which has the same affiliation and identity as that individual or has a two or more ethnic origins. That which is very evident in the concept of ethnicity is the belief that there is this one single historical origin that is common to all those members of a particular ethnic group. And as branch of culture, it entails traditions and customs as well as practices and beliefs that are exclusive to each ethnic group. (Bolaffi) Now imagine when one tries to penetrate a particular culture that is defined by a singular and specific race and ethnicity. Surely, clash of cultural differences and ideologies will arise. But such adaption to different cultures and varied customs and traditions is not really impossible. As mentioned earlier, one can define his culture by either adapting his parents’ culture or by adapting his environment’s culture. However, the latter poses much struggle and criticisms not only for individuals but also for nation-states (especially those that suffered from colonialism). On the Novel: Mona in the Promised Land  The novel was all about a girl named Mona (a half Chinese and half American) who was become so enthralled with the Jewish society that she declared that she would convert herself into Jew. Such was the conflict of the story. She was Chinese-American and yet she wanted to belong herself in the Jewish tradition and belief. That is the very thing that signaled her own conflict with her father. (Jen) Mona situated herself into a large circle of people. She was with Americans, Chinese, Japanese, Blacks and Jews. She learned and discovered many things about the different cultures that her companions and circle of friends have. At any rate she appreciated those cultures. Being a Chinese-American she knows well that her ethnic origins were somewhat in conflict. Nonetheless it did not undermine her will to live the life that she wanted. The stories that were revealed to her by the Black people inspired her to be proud of her race. Unfortunately when he became so much in tuned of the Jewish religion/tradition, her life became so much criticized not only by other people who used to sit with her and have talks but also of her own family – especially his father. Although their family – her mother and mother and herself – was more distinguished as Chinese, her father wanted her to act and project herself as a full-pledged American. Americanization became her father’s everyday reminder for her. As a result, the structure of their family, their beliefs and practices and their characters were Americanized. And that was her parents’ want. However, even if she was born in American she refused to pretend and act like a true-blooded American whom she was really not. She tried to discover her own culture. But his did not mean that she would have to throw away her original culture and solely embrace a foreign culture. This only suggested that she would establish her own preferred culture or belong herself to her chosen culture and would not try hard to be someone else just to fit in with other standards (like that of the American attitude). The climax of the story was when Mona finally declared to her parents that she would convert herself into the Jewish religion. Her father was totally against such conversion. Her family especially her father believed that the being a Jew would only make her life miserable and inferior to others. Her father believed that the American culture was the most superior culture even with that of their Chinese culture. He mentioned the entire things that the American culture brought into this world like those of the more and recent technological advancements. Yet, Mona did not bend with that argumentation. The novel revealed the undeniable role of religion in shaping the culture of a particular individual. As what was described in it, Mona found the Jewish religion as more like of her own principles and beliefs. She absorbed the Jewish doctrines and practices the way she wanted. It did not become hard for her to understand and appreciate the Jewish tradition since she was at first exposed to different cultures. But the very thing that made her decide to make herself belong in that Jewish religion is that she was in the Jewish community such that their influence was really irresistible. Not only that. It was very hard for her to stick to her original culture when all that she had was its exact opposite. The bottom line was that she pursued such conversion and lived the Jewish way. The moral lesson of the story (if it can be classified as one) is that a particular thing does not really assure you of the happiness that it could offer only through its tag or label. But what really matters is that you really like that thing and that there is nothing that pushes you to pick such choice. In short, happiness comes if a person willfully chooses it. Historical, Sociological and Political Issues The Americanization Since the coming of the globalization period, Westernization, particularly Americanization was a big issue. What does it take to be Americanized? And what is the trade-off of becoming an Americanized person? There is this big assumption that America is the world’s most superior race. Being the world’s sole superpower, people regard American culture to be the only culture that could give the people a better life (just like how Mona’s parents believed). Political stability, great economic standing and supreme influence among nations and states in the world, are the characteristics that best describe America. However, America is neither an ideal state nor a perfect sanctuary for all people. (O’Dell) America is branded as the melting pot of the world (world’s culture). This is the place wherein people of different races and different culture can freely live and pursue their goals in life without being constrained. But that is only a loose description. America surely offers and provides the world with so many things for development and progress. However, isn’t it overgeneralization to say that American culture is the best culture among other cultures in the world? Let us say that American people do not really claim such. However, other cultures regard such thing as truth. The result is that people in the world idolizes and patronizes American culture having this conception that if they would try to live the American life then their lives would really improved and they would live in prosperity. But such is only a misconception. A person can make himself improve and progress regardless of his cultural inclinations, and racial and ethnic origins. But then it still goes with the idea that the society does not limit its citizens to showcase their interests, talents and capabilities as well as their personal beliefs. In relation with the novel, Mona was constrained by her father and told that converting herself into Jewish would make her life miserable. But then Mona believed that by his faith, her life would be at peace and would be secured. Choosing a religion is a right (with reference to the Universal Declaration of Rights). And having it as a right would mean that such would not badly affect the lives of individuals. And such would not be used as standard for looking at a person’s life. Perhaps most Americans cannot be termed as pure Americans. By appealing to their original cultures, traditions and customs, Americans can be seen as a very general form of culture that which is also comprised of different cultures. The Chinese Principle Historically speaking, Chinese was known as the main land in Asia. Being revered and served by other nations. It has been said that the Chinese people regard themselves as the supreme race in the whole Asia such that everyone should pay respect and look at every Chinese with veneration. China termed those nations beyond its kingdom as barbarians. It implies that China is the central and the sole bearer of power and authority in Asia. However such conception about China was erased when it was attacked and conquered by the Western nations. No matter how China received tragic experiences and great insults from the Western conquerors, China never regard herself as a conquered and defeated nation. It preserves such principle by inculcating in the minds of all the Chinese people the great and rich history of their Chinese culture. It inspires every Chinese to be more proud of their cultural heritage even if their physical features are really different from the Western features. Nonetheless, not all Chinese remain loyal with such principle. Some Chinese people consider adapting the culture of the other nations so as to improve their way of living. In the novel, Mona’s father can be regarded as on of those Chinese people who would put aside his Chinese pride and dignity in order to assure him a life of prosperity in the cradle of the American culture. Well, it is not really bad to adapt to foreign culture as long as it would not mean a re-identification of oneself. It means that as long as a person accepts and recognizes his authentic origins while making some modifications in his cultural belief it does not entail a total denial of the original culture. Mona did not really deny her Chinese heritage. She is even proud to be a Chinese. On the other hand, Mona did not see herself as a solid Chinese whose beliefs and practices are confined with the ancient and traditional Chinese religions. She rather saw herself as a person whom can only grow in the arms of the Jewish religion. For Mona, such conversion was no big deal. But for her parents it was really a form of infidelity to her cultural heritage (well, her father did not really appear as someone who advocated Chinese principles and ideologies but more of a person who wanted to make Mona a full turned-American person). As for the story, the Chinese side of Mona and her parent was not really highlighted. It played a very little role that it could not be even considered as a principal source of cultural conflict that was evident in the novel. Mona in the Arms of the Jewish Tradition Mona rather chose Jewish culture and tradition than making herself absorbed and lived the American culture. For Mona, it was not if one was an American, a Chinese, a Black or a Jew, the most important thing was that you know what is right and you did not step on anyone’s foot. Living in such principle she pursued her life the Jewish way. Judaism is the religion of the Jews. It is a monotheistic religion since it believes and advocates that there is only one God. And this God is the supreme legislator of laws. He is the Divine Creator whom created the world and its order. And that mankind committed sin against this Supreme Entity. The only way for them to be saved from those sins is to be united with God by living a good life – and that life is illustrated by the Jewish culture. (Sarna) There is really nothing wrong with Mona’s decision of converting herself into a Jew. Her personal belief and her faith cannot really be managed by other people but only by herself. Her father was only in opposition with her decision primarily because he thought that if Mona would really move towards the Jewish way of life, she might be lost because of her initial Chinese and American culture. Having both Chinese and American culture is really a struggle for any person. It would be more complicated if one would include the Jewish culture, and that is exactly what the clash of the cultures suggests. To end this paper, the historical, sociological and political issues that can be drawn from the novel are really directed toward diversity and conflict among cultures in the world. There is really no possible way that culture can be universalized or standardized. However, such cultural differences can be managed by simply paying respect to other cultures that have different structure and tradition from one’s own culture. Only then that people would really resolve such conflict regarding the clash of cultures.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Wireless Networking Essay Example

Wireless Networking Essay Example Wireless Networking Essay Wireless Networking Essay Wireless Networking Name: Course: Institution: Instructor: Date: Wireless Networking Local access networks can be described as a network connection that limits access to the network over a specific radius. There are wired and wireless local access networks. Wired local access networks are characterized by the use of cables and adapters for network connection whereas wireless networks are characterized by the use of receptors and nodes for network access. Wireless local access networks are used in institutions such as hospitals, schools factories, offices and homes. In the named institutions, wireless LAN is used by hospitals and offices to access records and work without the use of bulky material such as paperwork. The wireless access network is considered superior to the use of wired local access networks. The advantages attributed to the use of wireless access networks are mobility, whereby the user can access the network at the comfort of the office or the workstation without having to move from one location in order to access work, documents or records. In addition, the user has low costs of installation compared to the wired local access network that has very many cables and adapters, which enable transmission in the network. The wireless local access network has low infrastructure in that no wire connections are necessary for the user to access the network. Moreover, the use of wireless networks enables the user to ease the change in the network topology into any that best works to the advantage of the network users. Wireless networks are catastrophe resistant in that they are manageable and scalable in size. Furthermore, wireless networks are easily maintained in that they do not require complex maintenance routines. However, the wireless networks are not free from problems. They are faced by interference by other signals such other networks from around the area of operation and radio signals from devices such as mobile phones and media gadgets such as radios and television sets. In addition, they also are coupled by security threats from hackers and malicious software. The wireless networks are rarely interoperable because of lack of transferability from one vendor to another owing to the very many regulations in each vendor system. Wireless networks also accrue health and safety issues in that they pose health risks associated by the electromagnetic fields associated with wireless gadgets. Moreover, the use of wireless networks is associated with lower data charges There are several technologies for wireless networking in a private local access network. They are mainly Bluetooth, HIPERLAN, Ultrawideband, cellular/Personal Computers infrastructure and custom /private protocols. The use of a standard wireless local access network is advantageous in that it serves as a guide for developing new and reliable hardware. In addition, the wireless network enables the network user to interoperate the network with other network vendors such that one network has multiple network vendors. It also reduces the risk associated with new products, which might corrupt the network and even wreck the whole system of the user. However, these advantages are countered by disadvantages whereby the use of a specific standard does not allow for innovation on the part of the users. It also may lead to dormancy in the development of technology in a fast-growing technology field. Standard sharing vendors cannot fully market and sell their products with the existence of rigi d standards. The IEEE 802.11 is a standard for implementing wireless networks. It release was by unlicensed use whereby the spectrum is free. The unlicensed bands for the wireless networks are essentially good for deploying relatively small private radio networks. Wireless networks are also forced to compete with other in-band users, which are erratic in number and interference. Unlicensed band usage is categorized into the 2.4GHZ-ISM band and the U-NII band. The 2.4GHZ ISM band is referred to an Industrial Scientific Medical band; it is specifically on the 2.4000-2.4835 GHz band. It has 83.5 MHz of free spectrum, and it has inexpensive hardware. The band is very useful to the users because of its easy compatibility with other users. The U-NII band is described as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure band. It lies on the bands of 5.15-5.35 GHz and on 5.725-5.825 GHz and comes with 300 MHz of free spectrum and fewer co-existing systems. It is relatively inexpensive to install and use but its radio hardware is the only expensive bit about the band. The IEEE 802.11 has more extensions to it. They are mainly 802.11a, which is a standard, which adds more Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to the standard for high data rates in the U-NII band. Another extension is the 802.11b whereby there are additional 5.5mbps and 11 mbps capabilities to the IEEE 802.11standard.furthermore 802.11e is a future extension that is responsible for maintaining the quality of service capability for some applications by the user. It also has the 802.11g, a future extension for 2.4 GHz links for using the OFDM for 22 mbps data rates. For security purposes, the 802.11i was developed to counter threats to the network. The IEEE 802.11 has two parts, which are PHY and MAC. The PHY correspond to the physical outlines and the operations of the standard to the OSI protocol stack. It also ahs many different specifications and its specific extensions only exist for the 802.11 standard. It entails of how the data in the network is specifically sent in and out of the network. Whereas the MAC consists of and correspond to data links and outline operations in the OSI protocol. In summary, it handles the data part of a network. The Mac is the same for all 802.11 standards regardless of which PHY is specified and its main aim is concerned with how data is framed into data packets for transmission via the network. The PHY is divided into two main parts namely the Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) and the Physical Layer Convergence Protocol (PLCP) The PMD is responsible for modulation, coding and decoding, and multiple access of the network. The PLCP is responsible for channel assessment, physical layer services t hat are independent of any physical medium. The Data Link layer is divided into two parts the Medium Access Control MAC and the Logical Link Control (LLC). The data link layer’s purpose is to transfer data within adjacent network nodes while the Medium access control is a protocol sub layer of the data link layer that provides channel access and addressing the control mechanisms between several terminals for them to communicate within a multiple access network. The IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless networks has interoperability challenges. There existed difficulties in the cross vendor operations for the users such that it was impossible for the users to change network vendors. The network vendors did not follow the IEEE 802.11 standard to the latter, which brought rise to numerous problems to both the vendors and the users. However, some issues were addressed and some were not therefore some problems regarding the standards still exist and need address. The interoperability issues prevent the public from accepting new technology thus the industry loses a lot of money and its credibility. In addition, the lack of interoperability leads to little or no innovation as new technology is prevented from the development of new technology. Interoperability issues were countered by the solution of formation of the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance. WECA is an industrial association formed on 23 August in the year1999.It sole purpose is to provide interoperability-testing services for vendors of the IEEE 802.11 wireless modem. The WECA is responsible certification of Wi-Fi enabled equipment, which gives any equipment tested by the organization a very high degree of reliability and interoperability. In the use of Wireless networks, multiple access issues also arise. For the wireless network to fully function simultaneous links must be coordinated in the same network. The interference in ISM bands and deep fading in the frequency of the bands is also another issue facing network users. The direct spread system consists of eleven overlapping channels with each channel having 22 MHz total bandwidth. The radio links can also use the overlapping channels simultaneously. Frequency hopped spread spectrum is characterized by the presence of over seventy nine channels with each channel having a total 1 MHz bandwidth. The unique hop sequence is characterized by a unique hop sequence for each length, which avoids simultaneous use. Direct sequence spread spectrum is a modulation technique favored by modem designers. It is best for coexistence of networks where there are in-band wireless systems. In addition it also woks to the contribution of more gentle interference to other in-band systems thus for this reasons it is regarded highly among the information modem designers. The Direct sequence spread spectrum enables the links to be easily modified for IEEE 802.11b extensions. Japan has the largest number of channels with fourteen frequencies followed by Europe in overall and then by the United States and France and Spain respectively. Spreading a signal in the IEEE 802.11 standard uses the Barker sequence due to the low correlation properties of the method. The method implies change of phase of the waves at 180degrees.A barker’s spread signal is similar to that of a spread signal. When signal is interfered by noise it becomes blurred and is represented by an almost straight line whereas a realistic signa l is almost similar to that of the spread signal. When noise is filtered in a despread signal, it becomes refined and it becomes easily transmittable through the network. Despreading is the art of spreading an interfered signal to come up a new signal that is ready for retransmission through the network. Spreading increases with bandwidth of the signal for increasing resistance to interference of the signal.