Technological Advancements and Its Impact on Human Intellectual Research Paper

Technological Advancements and Its Impact on Human Intellectual Development - Research Paper Example The intention is to prove that modern advances in technology affect the development of the human brain, especially children, whose brain development still ongoing. With this acknowledged, the next thing is to ascertain the impact of these changes. The question is to what extent does technology affect development, and does this effect make the person a better human being or more intellectual one than those whose intellectual development is not influenced by technology? On one part, technology is good, but on the other, not being so cultured does not necessarily mean that intellectual development is impaired. The best way to prove this argument is to contrast the development of children who are exposed to technological changes such as in urban areas, against children of the same age not as much exposed to technology, most likely in the rural areas (Society for Research in Child Development 2009). It has been indicated in various studies that the reason some people from certain regions and cultures do well or poorly in intellectual quotient tests is not because they are very capable or intellectually challenged, but because the tests do not reflect how their minds have been developed and hence, the subjects cannot identify with the challenges posed there in. The only predisposition towards the topic is concurrence with Michael Baylor (quoted in Patoine, 2008), the world knows too little about the effects of technology on human intellectual development than is necessary, hence the need for the study. On one part, changes in intellectual development caused by technological advancements work to better the affected and make them adjust faster to their environment, enabling them to survive in the new environment. On the other part, such changes do not make the affected better individual as compared to non affected persons. The paper will follow four basic planning steps namely: choosing of the topic which is

Italian and German Unification of 19th cenutry Essay Example for Free

Italian and German Unification of 19th cenutry Essay In the 19th century both Italy and Germany were split into many separate ruling states. The German and Italian unification began with the rising tides of nationalism and liberalism. From nationalism a desire for unification was born. Italian Unification was more complex than German unification. Italy had not been a single political unit since the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Italian Unification is referred to in Italian as the Risorgimento. The Italian Unification had three separate men that were working on unification of Italy: Guiseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo Cavour, and Guiseppe Garibaldi. Cavour entered into a secret alliance with France, to kick out Austria from Italy, since he knew that the only way that Italian unification could take place is by kicking out the Austrians. Italian unification started with the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and ended with the Franco Prussian war in 1871. Germany, during the 19th century, was also fragmented. There was a nationalistic movement calling for the unification of Germany. It was Bismarck who strengthened German unity and power by calling on the nationalistic thoughts of the German people. Bismarck was able to unite Germany through his policy of Realpolitik, or realistic politics. Bismarck was a strong proponent of Blood and Iron. Blood represented the sacrifices the German people would have to make in achieving the goal of unification, iron being the need to industrialize because Germany needed to catch up with the rest of Europe on technology and factory production. German power achieved through nationalism would foster a period of imperialization and would set the stage for the outbreak of World War I. The Unification of Germany took place on January 18, 1871, when Otto von Bismarck managed to unify independent states into one nation, this created the German Empire. Nationalistic movements in Italy and Germany resulted in unified empires. By 1871, Europe was washed away with the rise of two newly united nations the Kingdom of Italy and the German Empire.

Design of Shaft | Basis of rigidity

Design of Shaft | Basis of rigidity DESIGN OF SHAFT ON THE BASIS OF RIGIDITY AND STRENGTH CALCULATION AND ANGLE OF TWIST Design of Shaft: †¢ A shaft is a rotating member usually of circular crossection (solid or hollow), which is used to transmit power and rotational motion. Axles are non rotating member. †¢ Elements such as gears, pulleys (sheaves), flywheels , clutches , and sprockets are mounted on the shaft and are used to transmit power from the driving device(motor or engine) through a machine. †¢ The rotational force (torque) is transmitted to these elements on the shaft by press fit, keys, dowel, pins. †¢ The shaft rotates on rolling contact or bush bearings. †¢ Various types of retaining rings, thrust bearings, grooves and steps in the shaft are used to take up axial loads and locate the rotating elements. Design of Shafts on the Basis of Rigidity: †¢ Shafts must be rigid enough to avoid excessive deflection †¢ Two types of rigidity:  § Torsional rigidity  § Lateral rigidity Torsional Rigidity: †¢ Important for camshafts where timing of the valves are important †¢ Estimate the total angle of twist in radians †¢ Use torsion equation Lateral Rigidity: †¢ Important for  § Transmission shafting  § Shafts running at high speed †¢ Lateral deflection must be minimised to avoid:  § Gear teeth alignment problems  § Bearing related problems †¢ The lateral deflection (y) and the slope (ÃŽ ¸) may be determined by equations from the strength of materials Design of Shafts Based on Strength: Stresses in Shafts: †¢ Shear stresses due to torsional load †¢ Bending stresses due to the forces coming from gears, pulleys, etc. †¢ Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads Angle of twist for circular members: Angle of twist : When one end of shaft is fixed and the other end is twisted, the angle twisted is the angle of twist. Find the relative rotation of section B-B with respect to section A-A of the solid elastic shaft as shown in the when a constant torque T is being transmitted through it. The polar moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area J is constant. Concepts involved: Angle of twist in circular members Formulae used: ÃŽ ¸=∠« Txdx/JG Where, φ= Angle of twist Tx = torque at distance x Jx = polar moment of area at distance x G = Shear modulus Solution: Step 1: Here neither torque nor J changes with x so, Tx = T and Jx = J And limit is between 0 to L so we get: ÃŽ ¸=TL/JG Note: In applying the above equation, note particularly that the angle φ must be expressed in radians. Also observe the great similarity of this relation equation Δ =PL/AE, for axially loaded bars. Here φ ⇔ Δ T⇔ P, J⇔ Α, and G⇔ E. By the analogy, this equation can be recast to express the torsional spring constant, or torsional stiffness, kt as Kt = T/ÃŽ ¸ = JG /L [N-m/rad] This constant torque required to cause a rotation of 1 radian, i.e., φ = 1. It depends only on the material properties and the size of the member. As for axially loaded bars, one can visualize torsion members as springs. The reciprocal of kt defines the torsional flexibility ft. Hence, for a circular solid or hollow shaft. ft = 1/kt = L / JG [ rad/N-m] This constant defines the rotation resulting from application of a unit torque, i.e., T = 1. On multiplying by the torque T, one obtains the current equation . Shaft Design: Shaft Design consists primarily of the determination of the correct shaft diameter to ensure satisfactory strength and rigidity when the shaft is transmitting power under various operating and loading conditions. Shafts are usually circular in cross section, and may be either hollow or solid. Design of shafts of ductile materials, based on strength, is controlled by the maximum shear theory. And the shafts of brittle material would be designed on the basis of the maximum normal stress theory. Various loads subjected on Shafting are torsion, bending and axial loads. Torsional stresses: (Ï„) The Torsional formula is given by: T/J=G ÃŽ ¸/L=Ï„/r Here T=torque or Torsional moment, N-mm J=polar moment of inertia, mm4 = Ï€ d4/32 ,Where d is the solid shaft diameter. = Ï€( do 4- d i 4 ) /32 Where do and di are outer and inner diameter of the hollow shaft respectively. G=Modulus of elasticity in shear or modulus of rigidity, MPa ÃŽ ¸=Angle of twist, radians l= Length of shaft , mm r= Distance from the Neutral axis to the top most fibre , mm = d/2 (For solid shaft) = do /2(For hollow shaft) Shear (Ï„) stress on the outer surface of a shaft, for a torque (T) : For solid circular section:  · Ï„ = Tr / J = 16T / Ï€ d3 For hollow circular section:  · Ï„ = Tr / J =16T do / Ï€ do 4- d i 4 ) Design of Shafts for Fatigue (Fluctuating Loads): †¢ Shafts are generally subjected to fluctuating torques and bending moments may fail due to fatigue †¢ Combined shock and fatigue factors must be taken into account †¢ Modify the equivalent twisting and bending moments. Power Transmitting Shaft: * Shaft Design consists primarily of the determination of the correct shaft diameter to ensure satisfactory strength and rigidity when the shaft is transmitting power under various operating and loading conditions. Shafts are usually circular in cross section, and may be either hollow or solid. * Design of shafts of ductile materials, based on strength, is controlled by the maximum shear theory. And the shafts of brittle material would be designed on the basis of the maximum normal stress theory. * Various loads subjected on Shafting are torsion, bending and axial loads. Crank Shaft: * A crankshaft is used to convert reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion or vice versa. The crankshaft consists of the shaft parts, which revolve in the main bearings, the crank pins to which the big ends of the connecting rod are connected, the crank arms or webs, which connect the crankpins, and the shaft parts. The crankshaft, depending upon the position of crank, may be divided into the following two types. * The crankshaft is the principal member of the crank train or crank assembly, which latter converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotary motion. It is subjected to both torsional and bending stresses, and in modern high-speed, multi-cylinder engines these stresses may be greatly increased by resonance, which not only renders the engine noisy, but also may fracture the shaft. In addition, the crankshaft has both supporting bearings (or main bearings) and crankpin bearings, and all of its bearing surfaces must be sufficiently large so that the unit bearing load cannot become excessive even under the most unfavorable conditions. At high speeds the bearing loads are due in large part to dynamic forces-inertia and centrifugal. Fortunately, loads on main bearings due to centrifugal force can be reduced, and even completely eliminated, by the provision of suitable counterweights. All dynamic forces increase as the square of the speed of rotation. (i.e. FDynamic↑â‡⠀™Speed2↑) REFRENCES: * Engineering mechanics static and dynamics my A.K. Tayal * www.sciencedirect.com * Mechaical Sciences by G.K. LAL * www.physicsclassroom.com

Shays Rebellion :: essays research papers

Troubled Farmers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In the first years of peacetime, following the Revolutionary War, the future of both the agrarian and commercial society appeared threatened by a strangling chain of debt which aggravated the depressed economy of the postwar years†.1 This poor economy affected almost everyone in New England especially the farmers. For years these farmers, or yeomen as they were commonly called, had been used to growing just enough for what they needed and grew little in surplus. As one farmer explained â€Å" My farm provides me and my family with a good living. Nothing we wear, eat, or drink was purchased, because my farm provides it all.†2 The only problem with this way of life is that with no surplus there was no way to make enough money to pay excessive debts. For example, since farmer possessed little money the merchants offered the articles they needed on short-term credit and accepted any surplus farm goods on a seasonal basis for payment. However if the farmer experienced a poor crop, shopkeepers usually extended credit and thereby tied the farmer to their businesses on a yearly basis.3 During a credit crisis, the gradual disintegration of the traditional culture became more apparent. During hard times, merchants in need of ready cash withdrew credit from their yeomen customers and called for the repayment of loans in hard cash. Such demands showed the growing power of the commercial elite.4 As one could imagine this brought much social and economic unrest to the farmers of New England. Many of the farmers in debt were dragged into court and in many cases they were put into debtors prison. Many decided to take action: The farmers waited for the legal due process as long as them could. The Legislature, also know as the General Court, took little action to address the farmers complaints. 5 â€Å"So without waiting for General Court to come back into session to work on grievances as requested, the People took matters into their own hands.†6 This is when the idea for the Rebellion is decided upon and the need for a leader was eminent. The Rebellion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The person that was chosen to lead the rebellion was Daniel Shays. Shays, born in Hopkinton Massachusetts, grew up as a farmer before he fought for his country in the War for Independence. During the War he fought in such key battles as the Battle of Lexington, Bunker Hill and Saratoga.

Disadvantages of E-Marketing Outweigh the Advantages

Throughout the past 50 years, marketing has changed substantially with the development of science and technology. Since start of the age of information technology from as early as the 1960s, traditional marketing has been evolving into to a new form of marketing, E-marketing. E-marketing is the use of information technology in the processes of creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers, and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders (Strauss, J 2006 P. 3). With the increasing demands of consumers, digital media brings more opportunities and at the same time more challenges for operators in today’s world. As a marketing mode that typically reach its audiences via the Internet, e-marketing benefits from the advantages of the internet and transcends distance and time, to which traditional marketing cannot measure up. Meanwhile, the shortcomings of the virtual world also impact e-marketing negatively, namely security issue and the cost of computer hardware which limits its reach in the developing world. As a result, e-marketing is like a two-sided blade. This essay will argue that the disadvantages of e-marketing outweigh the advantages support due to the following: limitation of access to computers, the threat to personal privacy, high cost and the low efficiency. Two significant advantages of e-marketing for public are global reach and convenient. By using the Internet as a channel of marketing, e-marketing has the same features as that of internet which can implement services for customers from different countries at any time. E-marketing can be particularly useful for niche providers, companies whose products can be posted easily, or businesses that are looking to expand geographically but cannot afford to invest in new offices or businesses (DTI 2004, P. 4). The commercial information can reach anyone, anywhere that provided internet access in the world. It allows merchants to tap new markets and competition globally. In addition, time is no longer a factor effects on marketing. (Strauss, J 2006 P. 5) Instead of being applied by organizations and officers during typical working hours, most of the marketing efforts from e-marketing are supported by website, which open 24 hours and 7 days a week. However, e-marketing has one main obstacle which is the limitation of access to computer as the result of the costs of the hardware, the low speed of internet connection and unreliable power supplies. Firstly, despite advances in the past few decades, ownership of personal computers is still very low in the develo ping world. In Ukraine, for example, only 1. 8 percent of the population owns a personal computer. In Mexico, 6. 8 percent of the entire population owns a personal computer; and in India, only half of 1 percent of the population owns one (Strauss, J 2006 P. 81). The statistics of the ownership of personal computer in the countries above indicate that e-marketing limits the potential audience the marketing efforts try to reach. Secondly, e-marketing is the balance between connection speed and web site design. In the developing countries, internet connection is still largely through dial-up connections, which depends on the telephone lines and restrict the speed at which data can be sent and received. In 2005, Italy had 0. 77 percent of its total population as broadband subscribers, while China had 0. 21 percent, and Russia had 0. 02 percent of its citizens subscribe to broadband (Strauss, J 2006 P. 87). This data illustrates that broadband is still limited in use as the communication infrastructure for e-marketing. The third challenge for e-marketing is the unreliable power supply in many countries. In Nepal, one of the poorest countries in the world, only 15% of all households have access to electricity. Moreover, it sometimes experienced blackouts during the summer months across the entire country (Strauss, J 2006 P. 84). The unstable electricity supplies make e-marketing unavailable to cater to the consumers via the internet. All in all, the use of the Internet benefits e-marketing with its reach, but also has serious drawbacks. Another apparent characteristic of e-marketing is personalization. Customers can acquire entertainment directly from the preferred individual receiving devices. Marketing by email or banner advertising enable multimedia one-to-one communication that makes the market easier to establish how effective your campaign has been. E-marketing is one-to-one and focuses objectives on the customers, which can typically reach the one who wants to know the products and services instantly and benefit the operators to receive the individual information and greet the customers with targeted offers (Descoeudres, O 2004 P. 3). The essential part of the one-to-one marketing is base on the specific customer database. The database was established when the buyers accomplish interaction and trade on the web, allowing the company to quickly obtain detailed information about customers’ responses to the advertising and contribute to the decision of transform the marketing strategies. Despite this advantage, the use of the Internet poses threats to personal privacy whi ch limit the spread of e-marketing. For instance, Tonysmart. om sold the customers’ information that they registered in the site when the company went to bankrupt, proclaiming that the customer database belongs to the company’s asset (Lamb, C. W 2006, P. 651). Similar incidents lead to the lack of trust from the majority of customers, who hesitate in providing to private information to web companies. â€Å"Internet as a virtual marketplace is still not greatly acceptable to orthodox buyers who prefer physical interaction and review of products and services before buying them. (Nantel, J 2004) to build up the trust bridge between the interactions of customers and companies in the virtual world is an ongoing process, which requires more time to achieve. To compare with traditional marketing, some proponents of e-marketing believe that cost advantage is one of the considerable merits. â€Å"E-marketing eliminates printing and postage costs, taking the best of traditional newsletters, advertisement, or dire ct-mail offers and customizing them, sending them electronically at a fraction of the cost of other methods† (The Advantages of E-Marketing, 2007). In fact, although e-marketing saves more postage costs, which may seems to reduce the investing input for operators, the money spend on setting up and tagging with the online payment channels, online allocation costs, cost of upgrading and maintenance of site are all the requirements for a successful sustaining marketing on the Internet. â€Å"Japan’s average monthly subscription charge is slightly more than 24 dollar per month, a relatively manageable amount given average household income levels. Yet, Lithuania and Slovenia have average monthly charges almost twice that amount† (Strauss, J 2006 P. 4). The consequence is inescapable that accessing to the Internet through land lines whether dial-up or via boardband is expensive in general. By 2011, online consumption will surpass TV as the number one medium worldwide. Despite this, some industries have been slow to adapt to changing consumer trends. Overall, marketers invest only 7. 5% of their advertising marketing budg et to online initiatives. The insufficient capabilities that in-house and agency are with the leading 59 percentage deterrent to investing online (Steve Latham, 2008). There is no surprise that online marketing is still relatively new, some what complication, and transform rapidly. Most corporations are still trying to make sense of new methods and develop new strategies to utilize it. â€Å"After years of one-off efforts, many are taking time to define their key objectives, strategies, tactics and requirements for achieving them. †(Steve Latham, 2008). On the other hand, the tight supply of talent is also a problem for both brands and agencies. According to Descoeudres (2004), finding skilled technicists to execute digital strategies is a huge challenge for e-marketing. As e-marketing involved in a certain range of marketing space, there are still not many clients who will enroll as loyal customers in the customer database. While this number grows over the years with time, some offline complementary methods are reliable to enhance the customer database. Striking a balance between offline efforts and continuing online efforts or a combination of the two actually helps the company to highlight the market presence as an entrepreneur. Therefore, it is very important that marketers are aware of the reward and inconveniences of e-marketing before they really strategize to optimize their revenue on the advantages and nullify the disadvantageous effects of virtual e-marketing. In conclusion, e-marketing becomes an integral strategy of marketing and business nowadays, which is widely used as manifestation method to contribute to marketing activities aimed at achieving profitable acquisition and retention of customers. Nevertheless, it still has a great amount of drawbacks including the lower range of the ownership of computer, the coverage of the Internet and the neglect of the personal privacy, the uneconomical input for consumers. As a consequence, e-marketers should never underestimate the negative impacts of e-marketing. In the long run, the function of e-marketing can be further developed to enhance its benefits for both customers and merchants by resolving the problems mentioned above.

How To Overcome A Fear Of Public Speaking

How To Overcome A Fear Of Public Speaking Do you get performance anxiety when you need to make a speech in public, be it a large or small crowd? It’s entirely normal if you’re nodding your head ‘yes’, because even the most seasoned public speakers in the world suffer from an attack of the jitters from time to time. The key is in knowing how to deal with such problems, having a few methods in your pocket to get you over your anxiety, and recognising that feeling nervous to any degree is entirely normal. If you have a big presentation coming up, and you’re losing sleep over it, worry no more! Here’re a few tips on how you can become a rockstar public speaker, and kick those worries to the curb. So here they are: Know What You’re Talking About Preparation is everything, and knowing inside out what you’re talking about is the way forward. Research, research, research! Don’t leave everything to the last minute, make sure you look into your topic and know your stuff well ahead of time, because putting it all off will simply add to your problems and make you more nervous about the outcome. Here at Essay Writing Place, we offer a comprehensive service for students experiencing problems with presentations, providing them with thorough research which is easy to understand and present and developing an effective outline. Having everything you need not only in your head, but also down on paper in front of you, goes a long way to easing your performance anxiety. Practice Really Does Make Perfect We’ve all heard this saying, but it is a truth. Stand in front of a mirror and deliver your speech or presentation, or perhaps ask a friend or family member to listen to it for you and act as the audience. It doesn’t matter whether you go over it twenty times, because the more you do it, the easier it will become, and the more confident you will feel – you will probably also feel that you know it off by heart, and that is certainly a great way to cut down on worries and stress. Think Positive Before you head onto that podium and deliver your presentation, picture in your mind that you were successful, that you had a standing ovation, and basically that you brought the house down. Positive thoughts bring about confidence, and it is confidence which will carry you through. Focus On Your Breath During your presentation, and certainly before, if you feel your heart rate starting to climb, and your breath coming in sharp bursts, close your eyes, take a deep breath, and hold it for a few seconds, before exhaling slowly. Focusing on your breath shuts out the outside word, which in turn shuts out your worries. Before you head onto that podium, practice this method and feel your nerves melt away. Don’t Focus Too Much On The Audience The information you’re giving to your audience is more important than the audience itself, so try and shut out as much as you can when you think about the people sat in front of you. You may look nervous from time to time during your presentation, but so what? Nerves can power us to success. Be passionate about the information you’re giving. Don’t Be Afraid To Take A Moment If you feel your hands shaking, or you can hear a hitch or wobble in your voice, take a moment to gather yourself, do your deep breathing, and continue. Nobody is going to notice you having a second or two to yourself, and whilst it might seem like an age to you, in reality it is probably going to be no more than five seconds. Pat Yourself On The Back, You Rock! Well done you! You did it, and you should be proud of yourself. Even if you had a few minor wobbles, it doesn’t matter, because you got the job done. Take each success as a step towards major confidence in the future when it comes to your next bout of public speaking. Even the most confident people in the world sometimes stumble when making speeches in public, and it’s certainly not a failing to admit that this is an area that worries you. It’s all about preparation, knowing your stuff, and sometimes about faking confidence. Our presentation preparation service will go a long way to helping you be 100% prepared, and when you know what you’re doing, the rest is easy.